Abstract
Mathematics underlies a number of scientific methods used in archaeology today. Mathematical thinking exercises a great influence on methodology in almost all domains of archaeological research including survey, excavation, recording, and analytical procedures. In addition, mathematics is embedded in all software applications used in archaeology. The substitution of narrative by mathematical language follows the general shift in the way that knowledge is built, shared, and communicated by the scientific community, and how it is acquired by society. Mathematics is not only a tool serving archaeological research. It is also embedded in approaching archaeological problems in a structural way. By using mathematics as an artificial language, many archaeological terms and concepts become explicit and well defined. If an archaeological problem is understood as a mathematical structure, mathematics can be used to solve it. Integration of quantitative methods with archaeological reasoning leads to new possibilities of description and explanation of complex archaeological systems.
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