Abstract
Given that Germany was constituted of a multitude of sovereign states and became a federal state only in the twentieth century, this chapter studies the differences in the nineteenth century between the various states regarding mathematics teaching. The contrast between neo-humanism in Prussia and states maintaining dominance of the classical type of education is exposed as well as a certain harmonization from 1871 onwards. A particular focus of international impact is the reform movement from about 1900. The political history marks the following developments: Germany became a Republic in 1918, but mathematics and science teaching were affected by the trauma of World War I. Nazi Fascism overthrowing the Republic in 1933 put mathematics in its service. World War II led to the emergence of two German states, again with a different status for mathematics.
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