Mathematical Models for the Performance Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different Status of Charge (SOC) in Long-Term High Temperature Storage

Abstract

Mathematical models to evaluate and predict the performance degradation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with different status of charge (SOC) in long-term high-temperature storage which are also applicable for setting rational storage conditions (temperature, SOC, and time) of LIBs were established. Parameters including voltage drop (Delta V), reversible capacity (RC) loss, and internal impedance (IMP) increase of LIBs under different temperature (60 °C, 45 °C, and 25°C) are used to allow the model to clarify its function. According to the results obtained from commercial 18650 cylindrical batteries with LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 cathode, the mathematical relationship between Delta V and storage days (x) is fitted into a simple formula: Delta V = m.In(x)-n, and similarly, RC loss = m′.exp (n′.x) and IMP increase = m″.xn″ can also be acquired. In these formulas, m, n, m′, n′, m′′ and n′′ are constants when temperature and SOC are fixed. If only the temperature is fixed, the value of these constants can be derived into a function with SOC (y), respectively, while further plugging the function into the calculation formula of Delta V, RC loss, and IMP increase, respectively, allows the mathematical models to be set up.