Abstract
The unsteady buoyancy-driven flow in a square enclosure created by a hot vertical wall is the main focus of the mathematical modeling. The hot left wall undergoes variations following triangle, sine, or square-wave heating. Meanwhile, the right wall remains at a constant cold temperature. The hybrid nanofluid in the enclosure comprises water and nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM). The momentum and energy equations were solved numerically using finite element method. It is found that square-wave heating is responsible for producing the most extensive melting region, while triangle-wave heating produces a relatively modest melting region compared to the broader expansion observed with sine-wave heating. Triangle-wave heating resonates at F = 30 π for ϕ = 0.05 , while sine-wave heating resonates at F = 25 π for ϕ = 0.05 , and square-wave heating resonates at F = 50 π for ϕ = 0.05 . At these resonant frequencies, using 4% NEPCM concentration achieves maximum enhancements of 55%, 44%, and 395% for triangle, sine, and square-wave heating, respectively.
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