Abstract

The method of bicharacteristics is used to study the propagation of decameter radio waves in the ionosphere containing the E, F1, and F2 layers and a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) upon slightly oblique sounding with frequency-modulated signals. The propagation of both ordinary and extraordinary waves is considered, the ionograms are compared, and their relative shift is studied. The structure of ionograms in the vicinity of caustics, which appear at the reception point at frequencies reflected in the vicinity of the E layer and TID, is studied. The divergence of the ray flux at the point of radiation reception, which determines a decrease in the amplitude, is calculated.

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