Abstract
This paper focusses on three main numerical methods, i.e., the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES), and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) methods. The formulation and variation of different RANS methods are evaluated. The advantage and disadvantage of RANS models to characterize turbulent flows are discussed. The progress of LES with different subgrid scale models is presented. Special attention is paid to the inflow boundary condition for LES modelling. Application and limitation of the DNS model are described. Different experimental techniques for model validation are given. The consistency between physical experimentation/modelling and industrial cases is discussed. An emphasis is placed on the model validation through physical experimentation. Subsequently, the application of a turbulence model for three specific flow problems commonly encountered in metallurgical process, i.e., bubble-induced turbulence, supersonic jet transport, and electromagnetic suppression of turbulence, is discussed. Some future perspectives for the simulation of turbulent flow are formulated.
Highlights
Since turbulence plays a significant role in flow transport phenomena, considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding flow turbulence in both engineering and academic communities [1,2,3,4]
There are two common methods to account for the bubble-induced turbulence (BIT): (1) the Effective Viscosity Modified Method (EVMM), where BIT is added in the effective viscosity term [191,219]; (2) the Transport Equation Modified Method (TEMM), where BIT is modelled with a source term in the turbulent transport equation [220,221,222,223,224,225]
The results showed that the EVMM is not suitable for the turbulence prediction since it depends on an algebraic model
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Many numerical approaches for solving turbulence have been proposed, such as the ReynoldsAveraged Navier–Stokes (RANS) [6,7,8,9,10,11], the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) [12,13,14], and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) approaches [15] Among these numerical methods, the RANS approach, the Eddy Viscosity Model (EVM), is widely used for calculating turbulent flows thanks to its relatively high accuracy in predicting the mean flow features and its more limited computational demands. The RANS approach, the Eddy Viscosity Model (EVM), is widely used for calculating turbulent flows thanks to its relatively high accuracy in predicting the mean flow features and its more limited computational demands This approach suffers from several weaknesses, e.g., compromised accuracy and uncertainties due to assumptions in the model construction and insufficient incorporation of the fluid physics. We intend to help the current and potential CFD users to understand the modelling techniques for turbulence flows better and to expand the insight into the physics of turbulence
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