Abstract
BackgroundAlthough vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women, in China, few studies have focused on the relationship between maternal vitD deficiency throughout the three trimesters and subsequent neonatal outcomes in China.MethodsBetween 2015 and 2016, maternal serum and neonate cord blood samples were collected from 1978 mother-neonate pairs from Liuzhou city.ResultsThe mean concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitD (25(OH)D) were 16.17±6.27 and 15.23±5.43 ng/ml in the mother and neonate groups, respectively, and the prevalence values of vitD deficiency in the two groups were 78.18% and 83.27%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that maternal vitD deficiency independently increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (adjust OR, aOR 1.08; P = 0.026). A relatively lower risk of vitD deficiency was observed in the third trimester than in the first and second trimester (aOR 0.80; P = 0.004). VitD-calcium cosupplementation during pregnancy improves the vitD deficiency in both the maternal and neonatal groups (aOR 0.56, 0.66; P<0.001 and 0.021, respectively). Maternal vitD deficiency significantly increased the risk of neonatal low birth weight (LBW) (aOR 2.83; P = 0.005) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) (aOR 1.17; P = 0.015). There was a positive correlation between maternal and neonatal vitD deficiency (r = 0.879, P<0.001). VitD supplementation during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of giving birth to LBW infants (OR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.33–0.68, P<0.001).ConclusionsFurther research focusing on the consumption of vitD with calcium during pregnancy and the consequential clinical outcomes in Chinese pregnant women is warranted.
Highlights
Vitamin D is a well-known secosteroid hormone for its classical functions, such as skeletal health and bone metabolism[1]
Logistic regression showed that maternal vitamin D (vitD) deficiency independently increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
A relatively lower risk of vitD deficiency was observed in the third trimester than in the first and second trimester
Summary
Vitamin D (vitD) is a well-known secosteroid hormone for its classical functions, such as skeletal health and bone metabolism[1]. Due to the function of vitD, many concerns have been raised regarding important impacts of vitD deficiency and the association risk of diseases such as chronic kidney disease[5], cystic fibrosis[6], obesity[7], etc. An abundance of epidemiological evidence links vitD deficiency and insufficiency to a variety of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes including preeclampsia, hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small size for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW) and premature birth [8,9,10,11,12,13]. Maternal vitD deficiency induces the placental and fetal glucocorticoid exposure leads to the adverse outcome of fetal growth restriction eventually[14]. Vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women, in China, few studies have focused on the relationship between maternal vitD deficiency throughout the three trimesters and subsequent neonatal outcomes in China
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