Abstract
Maternal Use of Marijuana during Pregnancy and Lactation: Implications for Infant and Child Development and Their Well-Being
Highlights
Marijuana (Cannabis spp.) is among the most widely used psychoactive drug in the U.S.A. among women during their reproductive years
In a large sample of marijuana users among women of reproductive age (n=17,934) in 2013, nearly daily use was reported by 16.2% pregnant and 12.8% non-pregnant women, with 18.1% of pregnant and 11.4% non-pregnant marijuana using women meeting the criteria for abuse and/or dependence [1]
Miller has summarized effects of marijuana smoking and breastfeeding in infants as increased tremors, poor sucking reflex, decreased feeding time, slower weight gain, changes in visual responses, and delayed motor development. She stresses that marijuana use while breastfeeding is a cause for concern among lactation consultants and medical providers and requires individualized assessment, plan of care, and follow-up of infants exposed to marijuana from breast feeding [40]
Summary
Marijuana (Cannabis spp.) is among the most widely used psychoactive drug in the U.S.A. among women during their reproductive years. Miller has summarized effects of marijuana smoking and breastfeeding in infants as increased tremors, poor sucking reflex, decreased feeding time, slower weight gain, changes in visual responses, and delayed motor development She stresses that marijuana use while breastfeeding is a cause for concern among lactation consultants and medical providers and requires individualized assessment, plan of care, and follow-up of infants exposed to marijuana from breast feeding [40]. Studies of prenatal THC exposure in rats have found disturbances in histone modification in the adult brain, and a reduction in mRNA transcript levels in the nucleus accumbens in fetal tissue of cannabis exposed women suggesting that maternal cannabis use alters the developmental regulation of mesolimbic dopamine receptors [48].
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