Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study

Abstract

We examined the effect of different conditions of nutritional iodine intake on maternal thyroid function throughout gestation in a cohort of healthy, anti-thyroid antibody-negative women from a mild-moderately iodine-deficient (ID) area. Observational cohort study. The study included 168 women receiving prenatal preparations containing 150 μg of iodine from early pregnancy (150-I group); 105 women who had regularly used (>2 years) iodized salt prior to becoming pregnant (I-salt group); 160 women neither taking iodine supplements nor using iodized salt (no-I group). Maternal TSH, FT3 and FT4 were determined throughout gestation. Mean TSH concentrations were higher among the 150-I women than in the remaining two groups, and in a high proportion of them, TSH values were found to exceed the upper limit for gestational age. Conversely, the prevalence of low free-thyroxine levels in the 150-I women was similar to that observed in the I-salt women and markedly lower than that recorded for the no-I group. The regular use of iodine-containing supplements proved effective in reducing the risk of inappropriately low FT4 levels during pregnancy. The observed TSH increase in 150-I women may be because of a transient stunning effect on the thyroid gland, occurring as a result of the abrupt increase in daily iodine intake. Whilst the importance of gestational iodine supplementation is undisputed, we believe that in mild-moderately ID areas, women considering conception should be advised to take iodine supplementation for several months prior to pregnancy.