Abstract
Previously, we showed that oligofructose (10%) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation increased endotoxemia in 21-d-old pups. The present study evaluated the effect of 10% oligofructose diet supplementation during pregnancy and lactation in the presence or absence of hydrogenated vegetable fat on the pro-inflammatory status of 21-d-old offspring. On the first day of pregnancy, female Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 10% oligofructose (CF), diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat (T) or diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat supplemented with 10% oligofructose (TF). Diets were maintained during pregnancy and lactation. Serum TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) was assessed using a specific kit. Protein expression was determined by Western Blotting, and the relative mRNA levels were analyzed by RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction). We observed that 10% oligofructose supplementation during pregnancy and lactation increased offspring’s IL-6R (interleukin-6 receptor) mRNA levels in the liver and RET (retroperitoneal white adipose tissue) and decreased ADIPOR2 (adiponectin receptor 2) and ADIPOR1 (adiponectin receptor 1) gene expression in liver and EDL (extensor digital longus)/ SOL (soleus) muscles of CF group. Additionally, TF group presented with increased serum TNF-α, protein expression of p-NFκBp65 (phosphorylated form of nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit) in liver and IL-6R mRNA levels in RET. These findings were accompanied by decreased levels of ADIPOR1 mRNA in the EDL and SOL muscles of the TF group. In conclusion, supplementing the dam’s diet with 10% of oligofructose during pregnancy and lactation, independent of hydrogenated vegetable fat addition, contributes to the increased pro-inflammatory status of 21-d-old offspring, possibly through the activation of the TLR4 (toll like receptor 4) pathway.
Highlights
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation plays a fundamental role in the developing fetus and newborn until adulthood and may influence fetal "programming" through epigenetic modifications
In a Wistar rat model, our group demonstrated that the maternal intake of hydrogenated vegetable fats rich in trans fatty acids (TFA) during pregnancy and lactation seems to contribute to increased pro-inflammatory responses in the pups, leading to elevated TNF-α mRNA levels and TRAF-6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) protein expression in the adipose tissue
On the first day of pregnancy, the dams were isolated in individual polyethylene cages and sequentially divided into four groups, each receiving one of four diets: a control diet (C diet, C group), a control diet supplemented with oligofructose (CF diet, CF group), a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat (T diet, T group) or a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat supplemented with oligofructose (TF diet, TF group)
Summary
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation plays a fundamental role in the developing fetus and newborn until adulthood and may influence fetal "programming" through epigenetic modifications. In a Wistar rat model, our group demonstrated that the maternal intake of hydrogenated vegetable fats rich in trans fatty acids (TFA) during pregnancy and lactation seems to contribute to increased pro-inflammatory responses in the pups, leading to elevated TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) mRNA levels and TRAF-6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) protein expression in the adipose tissue. These findings were accompanied by a decrease in serum concentrations of adiponectin and ADIPOR1 (adiponectin receptor 1) protein levels in the adipose tissue of 21-d-old pups [7,8]
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