Abstract
This systematic review and dose-response meta-analyses was performed to quantify the link between maternal serum vitamin D levels with risk of offspring autism spectrum disease (ASD) and attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A systematic search was done using MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI (Web of Science), Embase databases, and Google Scholar up to May 2022. A total of 10 eligible studies were included in the analysis for ASD (containing 9,125 individuals and 2,671 ASD cases) and ADHD (containing 5,451 subjects and 1,267 ADHD cases). We found significant inverse associations between maternal serum vitamin D levels with risk of offspring ASD (OR=0.57; 95%CI: 0.33–0.99) and ADHD (RR=0.59; 95%CI: 0.44–0.81), when the highest versus the lowest level of maternal serum vitamin D was compared. Furthermore, linear dose-response analysis revealed that each 25 nmol/L (or 10 ng/mL) increase in maternal serum vitamin D level was associated with a 19% and 18% reduced risk of offspring ASD (OR=0.81; 95%CI: 0.76–0.87) and ADHD (RR=0.82; 95%CI: 0.73–0.92). A significant non-linear association was also found between maternal serum 25 (OH)D status with risk of ASD and ADHD. This meta-analysis demonstrated that maternal serum vitamin D levels were inversely associated with odds of offspring ASD and ADHD in a dose-response manner.
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