Maternal mid-upper arm circumference to predict small for gestational age: Findings in a Zambian cohort.

Abstract

To compare the performance of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body mass index (BMI) for prediction of small for gestational age (SGA) in Zambia. This is a secondary analysis of an ongoing clinical cohort that included women with a single gestation and MUAC measured before 24 weeks of pregnancy. We assessed relationships between maternal MUAC and birth weight centile using regression. The performance of MUAC and BMI to predict SGA was compared using receiver operating characteristic curves and the effect of maternal HIV was investigated in sub-group analyses. Of 1117 participants, 847 (75%) were HIV-negative (HIV-) and 270 (24%) were HIV-positive (HIV+). Seventy-four (7%) delivered severe SGA infants (<3rd centile), of whom 56 (76%) were HIV- and 18 (24%) were HIV+ (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-1.75). MUAC was associated with higher birth weight centile (+1.2 centile points, 95% CI 0.7-1.6; P< 0.001); this relationship was stronger among HIV+ women (+1.7 centile points, 95% CI 0.8-2.6; P< 0.001) than HIV- women (+0.9 centile points, 95% CI 0.4-1.4; P= 0.001). The discriminatory power was similar, albeit poor (area under the curve [AUC] < 0.7), between MUAC and BMI for the prediction of SGA. In stratified analysis, MUAC and BMI showed excellent discrimination predicting severe SGA among HIV+ (AUC 0.83 and 0.81, respectively) but not among HIV- women (AUC 0.64 and 0.63, respectively). Maternal HIV infection increased the discrimination of both early pregnancy MUAC and BMI for prediction of severe SGA in Zambia. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02738892).