Abstract
Fetal development is modulated by maternal nutrition during pregnancy. The dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), an essential dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has increased. We previously published that increased LA consumption during pregnancy does not alter offspring or placental weight but fetal plasma fatty acid composition; the developing fetus obtains their required PUFA from the maternal circulation. However, it is unknown if increased maternal linoleic acid alters placental fatty acid storage, metabolism, transport, and general placental function. Female Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed either a low LA diet (LLA; 1.44% of energy from LA) or high LA diet (HLA; 6.21% of energy from LA) for 10 weeks before pregnancy and during gestation. Rats were sacrificed at embryonic day 20 (E20, term = 22 days) and placentae collected. The labyrinth of placentae from one male and one female fetus from each litter were analyzed. High maternal LA consumption increased placental total n-6 and LA concentrations, and decreased total n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1), angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), and diacylglycerol lipase beta (Daglb) mRNA were downregulated in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. Maternal high LA downregulated the fatty acid transport protein 4 (Fatp4) and glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1) mRNA in placentae. IL-7 and IL-10 protein were decreased in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. In conclusion, a high maternal LA diet alters the placental fatty acid composition, inflammatory proteins, and expressions of nutrient transporters, which may program deleterious outcomes in offspring.
Highlights
Membrane phospholipids contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) [1]
Total n-9 FA, total n-7 FA, total n-3 FA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) were significantly decreased in placental labyrinth from the offspring of dams fed with high LA diet (HLA) diet compared to that fed with low LA diet (LLA)
Maternal nutrition has a major impact on placental nutrient transporters; we investigated the effect of high maternal linoleic acid (LA) diet on gene expression of fatty acid transporters in labyrinth zone of the placenta (Table 2)
Summary
Membrane phospholipids contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) [1]. They act as structural and signaling components of the membrane, and have the capacity to modulate a number of transcription factors, and downstream. Membrane phospholipids contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably docosahexaenoic. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2183acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) [1] They act as structural and signaling components of the membrane, and have the capacity to modulate a number of transcription factors, and downstream pathways [1]. In the Western diet, the most abundantly consumed omega (n)-6 pathways [1]. AA,omega which(n)-6 is a PUFA potent isbioactive acid (LA) [2].
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