Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and long term health issues for both the mother and offspring. Previous research has demonstrated associations between maternal diet and GDM development, but evidence in Asian populations is limited. The objective of our study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of GDM in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Maternal diet was ascertained using 24-h dietary recalls from participants in the Growing up in Singapore towards healthy outcomes (GUSTO) study—a prospective mother-offspring cohort, and GDM was diagnosed according to 1999 World Health Organisation guidelines. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis, and multivariate regression analyses performed to assess the association with GDM. Of 909 participants, 17.6% were diagnosed with GDM. Three dietary patterns were identified: a vegetable-fruit-rice-based-diet, a seafood-noodle-based-diet and a pasta-cheese-processed-meat-diet. After adjusting for confounding variables, the seafood-noodle-based-diet was associated with a lower likelihood of GDM (Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)) = 0.74 (0.59, 0.93). The dietary pattern found to be associated with GDM in our study was substantially different to those reported previously in Western populations.
Highlights
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a carbohydrate intolerance that develops, or is first recognized during pregnancy [1]
To carry out our study, we investigated maternal dietary patterns using dietary information collected from a large, multi-ethnic Asian cohort established in Singapore
Had a significantly higher mean age and body mass index (BMI) when compared with those not diagnosed with GDM
Summary
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a carbohydrate intolerance that develops, or is first recognized during pregnancy [1]. In parallel to the global increase in obesity, the prevalence of GDM has risen substantially [2], affecting certain ethnic groups more than others. Compared with (BMI) [3,4]. Prevalence estimates of GDM in the United States of America ranged from 4.6% to 9.2% [5], whereas estimates in parts of South Asia are as high as 18.9% [6]. GDM is associated with both short and long term adverse consequences to expecting mothers and their offspring. Long term consequences to the offspring are thought to arise from modified developmental programming that results from exposure to an aberrant environment within the womb
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