Maternal Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency and Their Relation with Fetal Neural Tube Defects

Abstract

Background: NTDs are major birth defects associated with significant fetal loss, mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs. Although periconceptional folic acid supplementation has reduced their occurrence, NTDs remain a global concern. Recent studies have suggested a possible link between low maternal serum calcium and vitamin D levels and the development of NTDs. Objective: The objective of this prospective observational study was to investigate the relationship between maternal calcium and vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy and the development of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs). Materials and Method: A total of 207 pregnant mothers in their first trimester were included in the study. Data on age, BMI, gestational age, and serum levels of total calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were collected. Calcium deficiency was identified in 61 (29.5%) participants, while vitamin D deficiency was present in 139 (67%). Ultrasound scans between 18-22 weeks of gestation were conducted in 173 participants to search for fetal NTDs. Results: Among the study population, only 1 (0.6%) fetus was found to have an NTD on sonographic scan. The mother of this fetus exhibited both calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. However, statistical analysis did not reveal a significant relationship between maternal calcium and vitamin D deficiency and the development of fetal NTDs. Conclusion: Deficiency of calcium and vitamin D during early pregnancy does not appear to be associated with the development of fetal NTDs. Further research is needed to explore other potential risk factors for NTDs