Maternal age effect on the development of Prader–Willi syndrome resulting from upd(15)mat through meiosis 1 errors

Abstract

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is primarily caused by deletions involving the paternally derived imprinted region at chromosome 15q11.2-q13 and maternal uniparental disomy 15 (upd(15)mat). The underlying mechanisms for upd(15)mat include trisomy rescue (TR), gamete complementation (GC), monosomy rescue and post-fertilization mitotic error, and TR/GC is mediated by non-disjunction at maternal meiosis 1 (M1) or meiosis 2 (M2). Of these factors involved in the development of upd(15)mat, M1 non-disjunction is a maternal age-dependent phenomenon. We studied 117 Japanese patients with PWS and identified deletions in 84 patients (Deletion group) and TR/GC type upd(15)mat through M1 non-disjunction in 15 patients (TR/GC (M1) group), together with other types of abnormalities. Maternal age was significantly higher in TR/GC (M1) group than in Deletion group (median (range), 37 (35-45) versus 30 (19-42); P=1.0 × 10(-7)). Furthermore, delayed childbearing age became obvious since the year 2003 in Japan, and relative frequency of TR/GC (M1) group was significantly larger in patients born since the year 2003 than in those born until the year 2002. The results imply that the advanced maternal age at childbirth is a predisposing factor for the development of upd(15)mat because of increased M1 errors.