Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the synthesis of low-dimensional materials from small units such as functional molecules. Bottom-up approaches to create new low-dimensional materials with various functional units can be realized with the emerging concept of nanoarchitectonics. In this review article, we overview recent research progresses on materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces, which are dimensionally restricted media with some freedoms of molecular motion. Specific characteristics of molecular interactions and functions at liquid interfaces are briefly explained in the first parts. The following sections overview several topics on materials nanoarchitectonics at liquid interfaces, such as the preparation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, and the fabrication of low-dimensional and specifically structured nanocarbons and their assemblies at liquid–liquid interfaces. Finally, interfacial nanoarchitectonics of biomaterials including the regulation of orientation and differentiation of living cells are explained. In the recent examples described in this review, various materials such as molecular machines, molecular receptors, block-copolymer, DNA origami, nanocarbon, phages, and stem cells were assembled at liquid interfaces by using various useful techniques. This review overviews techniques such as conventional Langmuir–Blodgett method, vortex Langmuir–Blodgett method, liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation, instructed assembly, and layer-by-layer assembly to give low-dimensional materials including nanowires, nanowhiskers, nanosheets, cubic objects, molecular patterns, supramolecular polymers, metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. The nanoarchitecture materials can be used for various applications such as molecular recognition, sensors, photodetectors, supercapacitors, supramolecular differentiation, enzyme reactors, cell differentiation control, and hemodialysis.
Highlights
To realize a sustainable society, there are many challenges to overcome in the 30 years: fulfilling the needs regarding energy consumption, reducing unnecessary emissions, protecting the environment, and maximizing the efficiency of processes [1]
The use of dynamic interfacial media providing a unique restriction the molecular motion is advantageous for the facile synthesis of anisotropic low-dimensional materials. Based on these general considerations, this review described bottom-up syntheses of low-dimensional systems and materials using materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces
In addition to conventional lowdimensional materials such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, For future developments of the nanoarchitectonics strategy, two essential features need to be considered in more detail
Summary
To realize a sustainable society, there are many challenges to overcome in the 30 years: fulfilling the needs regarding energy consumption, reducing unnecessary emissions, protecting the environment, and maximizing the efficiency of processes [1]. We expect materials nanoarchitectonics with features of enhanced molecular interactions to create lowdimensional materials at interfaces of two phases with different dielectric natures Another distinctive characteristic of liquid interfaces is the anisotropic environment regarding molecular motion. 2.2 Two-dimensional molecular patterning and production of low-dimensional materials Enhanced molecular interaction and two-dimensionally confined motion at liquid interfaces are advantageous for the fabrication of two-dimensional patterned structures with high structural precision [192,193]. In a recent review article by Krafft and co-workers [199], the formation of surface nanodomains and their hierarchical organization with higher complexity with semi-fluorinated alkanes and Figure 5: Formation of two-dimensional patterned structures using flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which can bind site- to two monolayer components, a guanidinium lipid or an orotate lipid, with the phosphate moieties and adenosine part, respectively. A simple application of high pressure is not enough to obtain supramolecular polymerization of DNA origami pieces at the air–water interface
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