Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most recent developments involving materials for solid-phase extraction applied to determine organic contaminants. It mainly concerns polymer-based sorbents that include high-capacity, as well as selective sorbents, inorganic-based sorbents that include those prepared using sol-gel technology along with structured porous materials based on inorganic species, and carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Different types of magnetic nanoparticles coated with these materials are also reviewed. Such materials, together with their main morphological and chemical features, are described, as are some representative examples of their application as solid-phase extraction materials to extract organic compounds from different types of samples, including environmental water, biological fluids, and food.
Highlights
Sample treatment is still one of the main challenges in the development of analytical methods to determine organic compounds from different matrices
Different types of coating have been applied to the surface of NPs and magnetic NPs (MNPs), including polymer-based, silica-based, Metal-organic frameworks frameworks (MOFs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphene (G)
Carbon exists in various allotropic forms ranging from the classical graphitized carbon blacks (GCBs) and porous graphitic carbons (PGCs) to fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, carbon nanodisks, G, and graphene oxide (GO), among others
Summary
Sample treatment is still one of the main challenges in the development of analytical methods to determine organic compounds from different matrices. Polymeric sorbents combine outstanding morphological properties that promote capacity and retention with tuned chemical properties that allow suitable interactions with many types of compounds and show enhanced stability under several SPE conditions. They might today be described as the most well-established technology for SPE, several developments with these types of material have been made with regards to the tuning of their properties, interactions, and fields of application. Other developments in sorbent technology apart from those involving polymer-based materials have taken place These novel materials include organic-inorganic hybrid materials, metallic nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, carbon nanomaterials, among others. We encourage readers to consult specific reviews of each type of material to learn more about the details of the synthetic approaches used, their characterization, features, and applications
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