Abstract
Significant research and development in the field of biomedical implants has evoked the scope to treat a broad range of orthopedic ailments that include fracture fixation, total bone replacement, joint arthrodesis, dental screws, and others. Importantly, the success of a bioimplant depends not only upon its bulk properties, but also on its surface properties that influence its interaction with the host tissue. Various approaches of surface modification such as coating of nanomaterial have been employed to enhance antibacterial activities of a bioimplant. The modified surface facilitates directed modulation of the host cellular behavior and grafting of cell-binding peptides, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and growth factors to further improve host acceptance of a bioimplant. These strategies showed promising results in orthopedics, e.g., improved bone repair and regeneration. However, the choice of materials, especially considering their degradation behavior and surface properties, plays a key role in long-term reliability and performance of bioimplants. Metallic biomaterials have evolved largely in terms of their bulk and surface properties including nano-structuring with nanomaterials to meet the requirements of new generation orthopedic bioimplants. In this review, we have discussed metals and metal alloys commonly used for manufacturing different orthopedic bioimplants and the biotic as well as abiotic factors affecting the failure and degradation of those bioimplants. The review also highlights the currently available nanomaterial-based surface modification technologies to augment the function and performance of these metallic bioimplants in a clinical setting.
Highlights
Orthopedic bioimplants play a significant role in improving the quality of human life [1]
Manufacturing of bioimplants often involves the integration of processes of material selection, design, and fabrication of bioimplants, and surface modifications through micro/nano texturing or nanomaterial coating
Engineering native metals by converting them into alloys amalgamate best properties of different metals in a single formulation. This provides the flexibility in tailoring the bulk properties of metals as per the orthopedic requirements
Summary
Orthopedic bioimplants play a significant role in improving the quality of human life [1]. Acid-etching treatments are generally performed using strong acids such as hydrofluoric, nitric, or sulphuric acid to create micro/nanoscale roughness on the surface of the bioimplants [35,37,38] Several other techniques such as deposition techniques including dip coating, laser technology that creates hydrophilic and chemically active surface that promote osseoconductivity, surface patterning by micro/nanochannels/groves for cellular infiltration, thermal spraying, biomimetic deposition of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite for better bone integration, and sol-gel deposition have been developed to alter the surface of the metallic bioimplants [40,48]. To further stimulate the exchange of ideas among the experts in the field, the opinion from some of our experts is included to make this review more interesting and appealing for future readers, expecting more practical and mature orthopedic bioimplants to be explored to improve human health
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