Abstract
The development of alternatives to vascular bone grafts, the current clinical standard for the surgical repair of large segmental bone defects still today represents an unmet medical need. The subcutaneous formation of transplantable bone has been successfully achieved in scaffolds axially perfused by an arteriovenous loop (AVL) and seeded with bone marrow stromal cells or loaded with inductive proteins. Although demonstrating clinical potential, AVL‐based approaches involve complex microsurgical techniques and thus are not in widespread use. In this study, 3D‐printed microporous bioceramics, loaded with autologous total bone marrow obtained by needle aspiration, are placed around and next to an unoperated femoral vein for 8 weeks to assess the effect of a central flow‐through vein on bone formation from marrow in a subcutaneous site. A greater volume of new bone tissue is observed in scaffolds perfused by a central vein compared with the nonperfused negative control. These analyses are confirmed and supplemented by calcified and decalcified histology. This is highly significant as it indicates that transplantable vascularized bone can be grown using dispensable vein and marrow tissue only. This is the first report illustrating the capacity of an intrinsic vascularization by a single vein to support ectopic bone formation from untreated marrow.
Highlights
Introduction preferred overarteriovenous bundles (AVB) because it requires harvesting of a vein and anastomosis of a vein to an artery, which is time consumingMicrosurgery and may fail,[4] but is reported to generate more new vessels transformed reconstructive surgery allowing a procedure known than the AVB.[4,7,8,9] There are two types of AVB, one in which as free flap or free tissue transfer
Microporous bioceramics, 12 mm long, were 3D printed as split tubes either with a cylindrical or cross-shaped profile (Figures 1 and 2), and were 43.5% porous monetite converted from brushite made by powder printing tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with phosphoric acid, as reported previously.[21]
Www.advancedscience.com biomaterial confirmed that the central vein did develop a neovenosome that extended throughout the monetite matrix in 3/3 samples
Summary
Microsurgery (suturing nerves and vessels ≈1 mm in diameter) and may fail,[4] but is reported to generate more new vessels transformed reconstructive surgery allowing a procedure known than the AVB.[4,7,8,9] There are two types of AVB, one in which as free flap or free tissue transfer. This allowed replanta- the bundle is ligated, and another known as “flow-through”.
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