Abstract
The cortical-cancellous porous structure of bone is composed of materials with distinct Young's moduli, such as ossein and minerals, to achieve its body-supporting and shock-absorbing functions. Inspired by bones, Ti6Al4V with adjustable Young's modulus is developed to fabricate hierarchically porous scaffolds via material extrusion (MEX). Mn micro powders (0 −50 vol%) are added in Ti6Al4V inks as the pore-making agent to generate in-filament pores (porosity between 2.6% and 63.9%), effectively adjusting Young's modulus of the scaffolds within a wide range of 0.08 − 18.08 GPa. A bio-inspired cortical-cancellous bone implant is fabricated via dual-syringe MEX, with the outer layer using Ti648Mn2 ink at 10% structural porosity and the inner core using Ti646Mn4 ink at 70% structural porosity, achieving simultaneous consistency in structural porosity and Young's modulus compared to bones. Moreover, bone-inspired gradient structures and shell-inspired structures are manufactured, demonstrating the capability of this approach in endowing site-specific distinct Young's moduli based on the demands of various functions.
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