Massive Klein-Gordon equation from a Bose-Einstein-condensation-based analogue spacetime

Abstract

We extend the "analogue spacetime" programme by investigating a condensed-matter system that is in principle capable of simulating the massive Klein--Gordon equation in curved spacetime. Since many elementary particles have mass, this is an essential step in building realistic analogue models, and a first step towards simulating quantum gravity phenomenology. Specifically, we consider the class of two-component BECs subject to laser-induced transitions between the components. This system exhibits a complicated spectrum of normal mode excitations, which can be viewed as two interacting phonon modes that exhibit the phenomenon of "refringence". We study the conditions required to make these two phonon modes decouple. Once decoupled, the two distinct phonons generically couple to distinct effective spacetimes, representing a bi-metric model, with one of the modes acquiring a mass. In the eikonal limit the massive mode exhibits the dispersion relation of a massive relativistic particle: omega = sqrt[omega_0^2 + c^2 k^2], plus curved-space modifications. Furthermore, it is possible to tune the system so that both modes can be arranged to travel at the same speed, in which case the two phonon excitations couple to the same effective metric. From the analogue spacetime perspective this situation corresponds to the Einstein equivalence principle being satisfied.