Abstract

We review recent progress in massive gravity. We start by showing how different theories of massive gravity emerge from a higher-dimensional theory of general relativity, leading to the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model (DGP), cascading gravity, and ghost-free massive gravity. We then explore their theoretical and phenomenological consistency, proving the absence of Boulware-Deser ghosts and reviewing the Vainshtein mechanism and the cosmological solutions in these models. Finally, we present alternative and related models of massive gravity such as new massive gravity, Lorentz-violating massive gravity and non-local massive gravity.

Highlights

  • Background curvatureto complete the argument, we consider the effect from background curvature, gμbgν= ημν, with gμbgν = eaμ(x)ebν (x)

  • Unlike for Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati model (DGP), in massive gravity the extra dimension is purely used as a mathematical tool and the theory of ghost-free massive gravity which we review in more depth in Part II

  • As we shall see in that section, one of the interests of quasi-dilaton massive gravity is the existence of spatially flat FLRW solutions, and of self-accelerating solutions

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Summary

Introduction

The theory of general relativity (GR) has been known to describe the force of gravity with impeccable agreement with observations. In bi-gravity two metrics are interacting and the mass spectrum is that of a massless spin-2 field interacting with a massive spin-2 field It can, be seen as the theory of general relativity interacting (fully non-linearly) with a massive spin-2 field. Be seen as the theory of general relativity interacting (fully non-linearly) with a massive spin-2 field This is a remarkable new development in both field theory and gravity. Formulation of the theory was first performed in four dimensions In this case massive gravity is not derived per se from the higher-dimensional picture but rather one can see how the structure of general relativity in higher dimensions is tied to that of the mass term

Maxwell kinetic term
Proca mass term
Abelian Higgs mechanism for electromagnetism
Interacting spin-1 fields
Spin-2 field
Einstein–Hilbert kinetic term
Fierz–Pauli mass term
Van Dam–Veltman–Zakharov discontinuity
From linearized diffeomorphism to full diffeomorphism invariance
Non-linear Stuckelberg decomposition
MPl χa and identify the
Boulware–Deser ghost
MP2lm6
Higher-Dimensional Scenarios
The Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati Model
Gravity induced on a brane
Perturbations about flat spacetime
Spectral representation
Brane-bending mode
Phenomenology of DGP
Friedmann equation in de Sitter
General Friedmann equation
Observational viability of DGP
Self-acceleration branch
Degravitation
Cascading gravity
Deconstruction
Metric versus Einstein–Cartan formulation of GR
Gauge-fixing
Discretization in the vielbein
Simplest discretization
Generalized mass term
Multi-gravity
Bi-gravity
Coupling to matter
No new kinetic interactions
Part II
Evading the BD Ghost in Massive Gravity
ADM formalism for GR
ADM counting in massive gravity
Eliminating the BD ghost
Physical degrees of freedom
Two-dimensional case
Full proof
Stuckelberg method on arbitrary backgrounds
Background curvature
Absence of ghost in the vielbein formulation
Absence of ghosts in multi-gravity
Scaling versus decoupling
Minkowski reference metric
Arbitrary reference metric
Decoupling limit of massive gravity
Interaction scales
Λ3-decoupling limit
Vector interactions in the Λ3-decoupling limit
Beyond the decoupling limit
MPl hμν μν after the shift
Λ33 Πμν
Λ3-decoupling limit of bi-gravity
Mf vμν
Extensions of Ghost-free Massive Gravity
Mass-varying
Quasi-dilaton
Theory
Extended quasi-dilaton
Motivations behind PM gravity
The search for a PM theory of gravity
10.1 Vainshtein mechanism
10.1.1 Effective coupling to matter
10.1.2 Static and spherically symmetric configurations in Galileons
10.1.3 Static and spherically symmetric configurations in massive gravity
10.2 Validity of the EFT
10.3 Non-renormalization
10.4 Quantum corrections beyond the decoupling limit
Destabilization of the potential
Technically natural graviton mass
10.4.1 Matter loops
10.4.2 Graviton loops
10.5 Strong coupling scale vs cutoff
Group Velocity
Front Velocity
10.6.1 Superluminalities in Galileons
10.6.2 Superluminalities in massive gravity
Argument
10.6.3 Superluminalities vs Boulware–Deser ghost vs Vainshtein
10.7 Galileon duality
11 Phenomenology
11.1.1 Speed of propagation
11.1.2 Additional polarizations
11.2 Solar system
11.3 Lensing
11.4 Pulsars
11.5 Black holes
12 Cosmology
12.1 Cosmology in the decoupling limit
12.2 FLRW solutions in the full theory
12.2.2 Open FLRW solutions
12.3.1 Special isotropic and inhomogeneous solutions
12.3.2 General anisotropic and inhomogeneous solutions
12.4.1 FLRW reference metric
12.4.2 Bi-gravity
12.5 Other proposals for cosmological solutions
13.1 Formulation
13.2 Absence of Boulware–Deser ghost
13.3 Decoupling limit of new massive gravity
13.4 Connection with bi-gravity
13.6.1 Topological massive gravity
13.6.2 Supergravity extensions
RS2 10
13.6.3 Critical gravity
13.7 Black holes and other exact solutions
13.8 New massive gravity holography
13.9 Zwei-dreibein gravity
14.2.1 Degrees of freedom on Minkowski
14.2.2 Non-perturbative degrees of freedom
14.3.2 Second example of Lorentz-breaking with five dofs
14.3.3 Absence of vDVZ and strong coupling scale
14.3.4 Cosmology of general massive gravity
15 Non-local massive gravity
16 Outlook
Full Text
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