Abstract
The adverse effects of petrodiesel exhaust exposure on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are well recognized. While biofuels such as rapeseed methyl ester (RME) biodiesel may have ecological advantages, the exhaust generated may cause adverse health effects. In the current study, we investigated the responses of bioactive lipid mediators in human airways after biodiesel exhaust exposure using lipidomic profiling methods. Lipid mediator levels in lung lavage were assessed following 1-h biodiesel exhaust (average particulate matter concentration, 159 μg/m3) or filtered air exposure in 15 healthy individuals in a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, crossover study design. Bronchoscopy was performed 6 h post exposure and lung lavage fluids, i.e., bronchial wash (BW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), were sequentially collected. Mass spectrometry methods were used to detect a wide array of oxylipins (including eicosanoids), endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines, and related lipid metabolites in the collected BW and BAL samples. Six lipids in the human lung lavage samples were altered following biodiesel exhaust exposure, three from BAL samples and three from BW samples. Of these, elevated levels of PGE2, 12,13-DiHOME, and 13-HODE, all of which were found in BAL samples, reached Bonferroni-corrected significance. This is the first study in humans reporting responses of bioactive lipids following biodiesel exhaust exposure and the most pronounced responses were seen in the more peripheral and alveolar lung compartments, reflected by BAL collection. Since the responsiveness and diagnostic value of a subset of the studied lipid metabolites were established in lavage fluids, we conclude that our mass spectrometry profiling method is useful to assess effects of human exposure to vehicle exhaust.
Highlights
Air pollution contributes substantially to the global burden of respiratory and cardiovascular disease [1,2,3,4]
Exposures were performed at two different occasions and in random order with subjects acting as their own controls
Our validated mass spectrometry methods [31] were used to detect a wide array of oxylipins, endocannabinoids, Nacylethanolamines, and fatty acid glycerol esters in the collected bronchial wash (BW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples
Summary
Air pollution contributes substantially to the global burden of respiratory and cardiovascular disease [1,2,3,4]. Numerous studies have shown a consistent association between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and respiratory morbidity and mortality [1, 5, 6]. Controlled chamber exposure studies exploring cardiovascular and airway inflammatory responses to petrodiesel exhaust have shown induction of a neutrophil-dependent inflammation in the respiratory tract of healthy human subjects, as well as adverse effects on the cardiovascular system [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21].
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