Abstract
Simple SummaryAdrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is an extremely rare disease with a variable prognosis. Current prognostic markers have limitations in identifying patients with a poor prognosis and who require adjuvant therapy. We developed the prognostic biomarker candidates of ACC using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and machine learning algorithm. We further validated them in The Cancer Genome Atlas data and performed the survival analysis according to the expression levels of each protein. In addition, HNRNPA1, the protein identified as a prognostic marker of ACC based on proteomics, was validated in the immunohistochemistry staining. The prognostic protein biomarkers of ACC found in this study are expected to help determine the appropriate treatment plan for patients.Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is an extremely rare disease with a variable prognosis. Current prognostic markers have limitations in identifying patients with a poor prognosis. Herein, we aimed to investigate the prognostic protein biomarkers of ACC using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. We performed the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of 45 adrenal tumors. Then, we selected 117 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among tumors with different stages using the machine learning algorithm. Next, we conducted a survival analysis to assess whether the levels of DEPs were related to survival. Among 117 DEPs, HNRNPA1, C8A, CHMP6, LTBP4, SPR, NCEH1, MRPS23, POLDIP2, and WBSCR16 were significantly correlated with the survival of ACC. In age- and stage-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models, only HNRNPA1, LTBP4, MRPS23, POLDIP2, and WBSCR16 expression remained significant. These five proteins were also validated in TCGA data as the prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we found that HNRNPA1, LTBP4, MRPS23, POLDIP2, and WBSCR16 were protein biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of ACC.
Highlights
Adrenal cortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare tumors with an annual incidence of0.7–2.0 cases per million [1,2]
Proteomics analysis was performed on the adrenal gland tissues of patients included in this cohort, and proteins related to the prognosis of ACC were identified by comparing benign adrenal adenoma and ACC, stages 1–2 and 3–4, ACCs, and stages
To find the prognostic biomarker of ACC, MS-based label-free quantification was performed using a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of the primary adrenal gland tumor obtained through adrenalectomy (Figure 1A)
Summary
Adrenal cortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare tumors with an annual incidence of0.7–2.0 cases per million [1,2]. The overall prognosis of ACC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 40% [2,3]. Up to 70% of patients with the localized disease based on TNM staging experienced recurrence within 3 years after surgery [3], while the survival duration of patients with metastatic ACCs ranges from several months to 10 years or more [8]. These prognostic factors still have limitations in predicting the prognosis of ACCs
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