Abstract
Glucose and cellulose as model compounds were treated under hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conditions to describe the main reaction pathways that are involved in the process. The HTL-derived phases (gas phase, bio-oil, aqueous phase, and solid residue) were fully characterized by a combination of analytical techniques [i.e., elemental analysis (EA), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance–mass spectrometry (ESI/APPI FTICR–MS), and 13C cross-polarization–magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP–MAS NMR)], and a comprehensive HTL degradation mechanism was proposed. A wide range of different reactions (dehydration, decarboxylation, retro-aldol, aromatization, condensation, oxidation, and reduction) were found to be involved in the formation of the different compounds detected in the four phases. The main identified products in both glucose and cellulose HTL bio-oils were furfural derivativ...
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