Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone usually occurring in young adolescent and children. This disease has a poor prognosis, because of the metastases in the period of tumor progression, which are usually developed previous to the clinical diagnosis. In this paper, a 2000-year-old ancient bone remain with osteogenic sarcoma was analyzed searching for tumor biomarkers which are closely related to this disease. After a specific extraction SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis followed by tryptic digestion was performed. After the digestion the samples were measured using MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Healthy bone samples from same archaeological site were used as control samples. Our results show that in the pathological skeletal remain several well known tumor biomarkers are detected such as annexin A10, BCL-2-like protein, calgizzarin, rho GTPase-activating protein 7, HSP beta-6 protein, transferrin and vimentin compared to the control samples. The identified protein biomarkers can be useful in the discovery of malignant bone lesions such as osteosarcoma in the very early stage of the disease from paleoanthropological remains.
Highlights
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor characterized by the production of osteoid matrix from malignant cells
The tryptic peptides were analyzed by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and the identification of the resulted proteins was carried out using a peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or MS/MS search
B-cell lymphoma 2-related protein A1 (BCL2A1) shows an elevated level in case of different cancer types such as leukemia and lymphoma, connected with autoimmunity and therapy resistance of different tumors [31,32,33,34]
Summary
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor characterized by the production of osteoid matrix from malignant cells. It typically occurs in the long bones of the near metaphyseal growth plates of children and young adolescents [1]. Additional cases of osteosarcoma have been observed in a young female femur from the prehistoric population of Oahu in Hawaii [5], and in a zygomatic bone from the French Middle Ages [6] in a case of 17th century mandible from West Virginia [7]. Possible osteosarcomas have been detected in a young male from the Saxon necropolis of Standlake, England [8] and in medieval skulls from the Czech Republic [9] and France [10]. Probable cranial hemangiosarcoma has been documented in an elderly female from Italy, 3rd Century BC [11] and in a humerus from Peru, 12–14th Centuries AD [4] and a possible Ewing’s sarcoma in a juvenile skull from Bronze
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