Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mass proportion of carrot root and the effects of four various solvents (methanol, water, ethanol and hexane) on the contents of total phenolics and saponins as well as antioxidant capacity of carrot peel to identify an optimal solvent for effective extraction of bioactive compounds from carrot peel for further investigation. The results showed that carrot root consisted of body, heads and peel with their mass proportion of 83.19%, 5.01% and 14.19% by fresh weight, respectively. Among four solvents tested, methanol obtained the highest levels of extraction yield (54.02% by dry weight), total phenolic content (9.02 mg GAE/g dry weight) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical scavenging capacity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power) from carrot peel, while water extracted the highest content of saponins (272.9 mg EE/g dry weight) and possessed the maximum ABTS radical scavenging capacity. Therefore, methanol and water are considered for effective extraction of phenolics and saponins from carrot peel, respectively. The phenolic/saponin-enriched extracts are potential sources for further applications in the healthy food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
Highlights
The oxidation process in biological systems directly relates to oxygen, which is the most important acceptor of electrons leading to the formation of active oxygen and free radical species [1].Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have significant biological relevance that may attack biological macromolecules, giving rise to cellular, protein, lipid, nucleic acids and DNA damage, cell aging, oxidative stress-originated diseases, such as cardiovascular, diabetic and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer [1,2]
The study results showed that carrot root consisted of three individual parts in terms of body, heads and peel, with their mass proportion accounted for 83.19%, 5.01% and 14.19% by fresh weight, respectively, indicating that carrot peel is a main residue (14.19 kg carrot peel could be obtained from 100 kg carrot root) from carrot processing industry, with an estimation about 5.28 million tonnes per year, which is considered as “waste” with high risks for the environment pollution when it is discarded directly to the landfills due to carrot peel is rich in organic compounds
Carrot peel is a potential source for extraction of valuable bioactive compounds for further applications in the healthy food industry and other industries, such as medicines, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
Summary
The oxidation process in biological systems directly relates to oxygen, which is the most important acceptor of electrons leading to the formation of active oxygen and free radical species [1].Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have significant biological relevance that may attack biological macromolecules, giving rise to cellular, protein, lipid, nucleic acids and DNA damage, cell aging, oxidative stress-originated diseases, such as cardiovascular, diabetic and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer [1,2]. The oxidation process in biological systems directly relates to oxygen, which is the most important acceptor of electrons leading to the formation of active oxygen and free radical species [1]. The use of antioxidants derived from natural materials is necessary to prevent radical chain reactions of oxidation or to inhibit initiation and propagation steps leading to termination of the reaction and delay oxidation processes [3,4]. Natural bioactive compounds have received a special attraction because of their potential biological properties and applicability. As such, considering residues/by-products or wastes from the food processing industry as abundant, inexpensive, renewable and sustainable sources of bioactive compounds is a great interest to the researchers and producers [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].
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