Mass poisoning events

Abstract

Mass poisoning events are rare and different in some respects from other mass casualties, especially with regard to diagnosis and triage. Based on the description of important historical events and experiences of poison control centers, an overview is provided for different types of mass poisoning events as well as guidelines for specific medical management. The review is based on a literature search and case reports notified to the Giftinformationszentrum-Nord Poisons Center. Toxicological risk assessment is based on identification of all relevant agents, evaluation of their toxic hazards (toxicity), and evaluation of the exposure (dose and pathway) for all persons exposed. This risk assessment constitutes the basis of medical diagnosis and management. In cases of suspicion of poisoning or poisonings caused by illegal drugs, risk assessment may be difficult due to the lack of important data needed for risk assessment. Mass poisonings caused by ethanol or contaminated food are well understood, with therapy being mainly symptomatic. However, in rare poisonings by other agents, a specific antidote treatment may be important. Thus, adequate antidote supplies must be available for these events. As hardly any medical professional has personal practical knowledge of mass poisoning casualties, such events are unique experiences. Thorough preparation and intensive cooperation with poison control centers and-if applicable-public health authorities may be important for best practice event management.