Abstract
We report an experimental finding on coexistence of the horizontal mass flow and the vertical surface wave in a vertically vibrated granular system. The container is an annular channel with a sawtooth-shaped base which is excited and controlled by a vibration system. The particles are copper spheres with diameter of 3 mm. The driving frequency ƒ and dimensionless acceleration amplitude Γ=4π2ƒ2Α/ɡ (Α is the driving amplitude and ɡ the gravitational acceleration) are used as two control parameters. A high-speed image recording system is used to record the movements of all spheres, and an image processing technique is used to track the locations of all particles. As Γ increases beyond a critical value (about 1.8), the granular layer fluidizes from top to lower parts, and the horizontal mass flow appears. The velocity of the mass flow increases with Γ, and from bottom to top decreases monotonously. In the meanwhile, if Γ exceeds 2.5, the vertical surface wave occurs. The amplitude of the surface wave increase...
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