Abstract

Measurements of the backscattering of 4-kcps sound from the surface of the sea at a grazing angle of 5° and a wind speed ranging from less than 5 ft (knots) to greater than 35 kt were made off Bermuda. It was assumed that surface backscattering is wind-speed-dependent; volume backscattering, on the other hand, was assumed not to be wind-speed-dependent in order to distinguish between surface reverberation and volume reverberation. It was observed that volume reverberation prevails at the lower wind speeds (smooth sea surface), whereas surface reverberation prevails at the higher wind speeds (moderate to rough sea surface). The surface scattering strength data compared favorably with results previously reported in the literature.

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