Abstract
Abstract Accurate, experimental rovibronic energy levels, with associated labels and uncertainties, are reported for 11 low-lying electronic states of the diatomic molecule, determined using the Marvel (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) algorithm. All levels are based on lines corresponding to critically reviewed and validated high-resolution experimental spectra taken from 24 literature sources. The transition data are in the 2–22,160 cm−1 region. Out of the 49,679 measured transitions, 43,885 are triplet–triplet, 5710 are singlet–singlet, and 84 are triplet–singlet transitions. A careful analysis of the resulting experimental spectroscopic network (SN) allows 48,590 transitions to be validated. The transitions determine 93 vibrational band origins of , including 71 triplet and 22 singlet ones. There are 276 (73) triplet–triplet (singlet–singlet) band-heads derived from Marvel experimental energies, 123(38) of which have never been assigned in low- or high-resolution experiments. The highest J value, where J stands for the total angular momentum, for which an energy level is validated is 163. The number of experimentally derived triplet and singlet rovibrational energy levels is 8682 and 1882, respectively. The lists of validated lines and levels for are deposited in the supporting information to this paper.
Highlights
Any in-depth discussion on molecular data requirements, with astronomers working on cool stars or hotJupiter exoplanets, highlights one molecule: TiO (Hoeijmakers et al 2015; Fortney et al 2016; Tennyson et al 2016b)
We found significant inconsistencies with this uncertainty and increased it to 0.1 cm−1 for data published in these papers and 0.2 cm−1 for data found from external sources. (1b) 51Phillips incorrectly assigns that the g band to the a 3D–3P band; it is a 3F–3D band
The level given is the lowest possible J for that spinvibronic state; there are some cases where this level was not observed. These Measured Active RotationalVibrational Energy Levels (MARVEL) data will soon be used with highlevel ab initio data to construct a full spectroscopic model of 48Ti16O; this can be used to predict the lowest J energy levels for all states, as well as higher vibrational levels not accessed by rotationally resolved 48Ti16O data
Summary
Any in-depth discussion on molecular data requirements, with astronomers working on cool stars or hotJupiter exoplanets, highlights one molecule: TiO (Hoeijmakers et al 2015; Fortney et al 2016; Tennyson et al 2016b). Detecting potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanets using transits is expected to be easier around M-dwarf stars than other stellar hosts due to the higher transit depth and faster transit times. Characterizing these planets requires high-accuracy modeling of M-dwarf stellar spectra, which is significantly complicated by the strong molecular absorption of these cooler stars (Allard et al 1994, 2000). The inaccuracies in current TiO line lists prevent the use of this technique for TiO (Hoeijmakers et al 2015)
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