Abstract
Sharp controversy still exists over whether the Russian proletariat on the eve of the 1917 revolution comprised an urbanized, class-conscious community or a mass of semi-urbanized peasants rebelling against an alien industrial regime. We use published and archival data (church marriage records, county council statistics, and St. Petersburg worker blacklists) to argue against the "peasant" school. Specifically, we demonstrate the existence of an urban, working class community by analyzing the association among ( 1) frequency of urban marriage with spouses coming from different geographical origins, (2) industrial militance, and (3) rural socioeconomic conditions that turned peasants into proletarians.
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