Abstract
ABSTRACT Who deserves credit for the map of detailed soundings taken in the James River in the summer of 1617, the foundation for all subsequent navigation in Virginia for the next half century? This essay proposes that the chartmaker is not a pirate, as previously suggested, but one Marmaduke Raynor, a trained and experienced seaman who might have been commissioned by the Virginia Company of London as part of a new initiative. The original map is no longer extant, but was copied, perhaps surreptitiously, and then used by the famous Dutch mapmakers of the Vingboons family for their chart of the ‘Powhatan River’ of 1639.
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