Marketing of agricultural products in the Law for the Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, and its Evaluation in Islamic Jurisprudence

This article aims to highlight a topic of great importance to human security; That is, food security, which is concerned with ensuring that the individual has access to adequate and safe food as a human right; This is because food is the soul of life, and without it, it would not be. Muslim jurists, past and present, talked about ways and means of food security and how to achieve it with the aim of providing sufficient food for the community. On the other hand, the parliament in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq spoke about how to achieve food security through some articles in the law on agricultural development issued in “2008 AD” No. “4”, under the title “Law for the Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq ". This research evaluates the legal articles related to achieving food security contained in the Law of "Protecting and Developing Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq" in Islamic jurisprudence; This is in terms of the extent to which those articles agree with Islamic jurisprudence. The first topic is devoted to the concept of the term food security, its objectives, and its components. In the second topic, the light was shed on the texts on food security contained in the Law "Protecting and Developing Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq", then the research showed the most important ways and means necessary to achieve food security in Islamic jurisprudence, and then compared and evaluated the legal texts contained in the law mentioned in Islamic jurisprudence. At the end of the research, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, including: What was stated in the law on “Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq” about food security, and how to achieve it is a very beautiful thing; The researcher considers it sufficient in the matter, and in comparison with Islamic jurisprudence, it shows that the only deficiency in this law that distinguishes it from Islamic jurisprudence is that it did not pay attention to the ethical aspect of the issue such as preventing monopoly, fraud, and other things that harm that security, just as he did not pay attention to the aspect of worship, which is usually all positive laws; Because it is a human condition, it works to organize worldly affairs and is not concerned with the accounts of the Hereafter.

In this study, the integrated delivery of agricultural product's production chain and marketing chain, and the optimization of integrated logistics chain are investigated. For this purpose, the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (VRPSPD) models for integrated delivery of agricultural product's production chain and marketing chain are established. Then, the established VRPSPD model is solved by Clarke-Wright (CW) algorithm. In order to confirm the effectiveness of proposed approach, the actual case that the logistics park of agricultural products in central China's Henan Province is carried out. The results indicate that the transportation cost of the integrated delivery of the agricultural product's production chain and marketing chain is significantly lower than that of the two separately.

Background: The study investigated the use of social media in the marketing of agricultural products and farmers turnover in South-South Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in Nigeria can enhance efficiency and farmers' sales turnover. Methods: It employed the survey research design and data were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. Research data were analysed using t-test and least square method. Results: The results showed that the use of social media (Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products enhances efficiency and turnover of farmers through a significant reduction in the cost of marketing agricultural products as well as increased awareness and the attendant increase in demand for agricultural produce. Conclusions: The use of social media (WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products significantly influences cost reduction and hence efficiency in marketing as well as enhances turnover of farmers through increased demand for agricultural products. Thus, the adoption of social media in the marketing of agricultural products enhances the efficiency of agricultural marketing and sales turnover of farmers in south-south of Nigeriabut only the use of WhatsApp and Instagram predict efficiency and sales turnover of farmers.

Internet technology is bound to be a big opportunity for agricultural marketing, how to effectively use the Internet technology innovation of agricultural marketing for the current focus of the research direction. The paper examines agricultural product marketing that is driven by Internet technology from the perspectives of agricultural product marketing mode innovation and marketing education mode innovation. The design of a mixed teaching mode for agricultural product marketing aims to cultivate talents in agricultural product Internet marketing technologies. The analysis of the development of agricultural product marketing education mode uses a comparative method and is divided into two stages: online marketing teaching and overall marketing mode teaching. The improved RFM model is used to solve the value of agricultural product customers, and the consumption characteristics of customers of different age stages are found. Among the four types of customer groups, 25-40-year-olds accounted for the highest proportion in the developing and maintaining customer groups, and 40-55-year-olds and 10-25-year-olds accounted for the highest proportion in the low-value customer and high-value customer groups. Agricultural product marketers should focus on customers under 55 years of age as the target of agricultural products, focusing on services and implementing precision marketing of agricultural products.

This article sheds light on criminal protection of the environment, which is concerned with the environmental protection from various types of pollution and destruction. Muslim jurists, have been discussing specific ways and means of preserving the environment and protecting it from the destructive causes that lead to an imbalance in the environmental system. Meanwhile, the Kurdistan Regional Parliament has discussed the achievement of this issue through the special law on criminal protection entitled "Law on Environmental Protection and Improvement No. (8) of 2008". This research evaluates the legal articles related to achieving criminal protection of the environment contained in the aforementioned law in Islamic jurisprudence, to the extent of which these articles are compatible with Islamic jurisprudence. The research consists of an introduction and four sections, and ends with a conclusion that includes the most important findings and recommendations. "Among its prominent findings: The law's provisions generally align with Islamic Sharia's objectives and principles in environmental protection, including safeguarding environmental elements, prohibiting corruption, and imposing penalties on offenders. However, from an Islamic Sharia perspective, this law has some shortcomings, such as not criminalizing certain environmentally harmful acts, lacking deterrent punishments for some serious crimes, overlooking criminal liability for legal entities, and a weak religious dimension in its texts. Finally, it offers suggestions for improvement in light of Islamic Sharia's rulings and objectives in environmental preservation."

Microeconomic analysis of exports and imports of agricultural organic products in Ukraine. Organic agriculture is a way of conducting agricultural production on the conditions of sustainability, which with the help of natural, technologically unprocessed means allows to produce agricultural products - organic food. In recent years, Ukraine has seen a rapid change in the structure of the market for organic agricultural products. The progressive increase in demand for organic food is a consequence of a healthy lifestyle. Demand for organic products is the result of consumer demand for certified agricultural products using organic technology, producers' demand for organic raw materials for further processing and export volumes. The market supply for organic agricultural products is defined as the sum of the supply of organic products, which is formed by agricultural enterprises and the volume of products through imports. Demand and supply of organic consumer products in the world and in the European Union in recent decades have shown exceptional growth dynamics. In Ukraine, the market for organic products is small, but is growing systematically. In 2020, the domestic market for organic agricultural products was estimated at approximately 24.3 million euros. Domestic organic products are exported to more than 40 countries. Recently, domestic organic products are exported mainly to the Netherlands, USA, Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain, Lithuania, Austria and Poland. The main organic products exported from Ukraine over the past five years are corn, wheat, soybeans and sunflowers. The growth of the organic market for agricultural products is changing the role of exports and imports. However, in today's conditions, the volume of exports of organic agricultural products significantly exceeds the volume of imports.

Background:The study investigated the use of social media in the marketing of agricultural products and farmers turnover in South-South Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in Nigeria can enhance efficiency and farmers' sales turnover. Methods:It employed the survey research design and data were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. Research data were analysed using a t-test and least squares method. Results: The use of social media (WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products was found to enhance efficiency and turnover of farmers through a significant reduction in the cost of marketing agricultural products as well as increased demand for agricultural products. Conclusions:The use of social media (WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products significantly influences cost reduction and hence efficiency in marketing as well as enhances turnover of farmers through increased demand for agricultural products. Contribution: The examination of the implications of the usage of social media usage in agricultural marketing on marketing efficiency and sales turnover in Nigeria.

Introduction. The modern development of the market of agricultural products in Ukraine actualizes important theoretical and practical problems of domestic agricultural science, directly attesting to the practical result of the state agricultural policy. There is still no single theoretical and methodological approach to assessing and diagnosing value and price disproportions in agricultural products due to regional differences, as well as directions of development of the organized agricultural market as an important institution in the context of reducing price asymmetry in the market of agricultural products, which determined the relevance of the topic of the article. Methods. The research is based on the use of general and specific methods of research within the methodological tools of modern economics, in particular, the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, logical-historical, comparison, graphic, economic-statistical, etc. Results. The article substantiates the main economic aspects of the diagnosis of value and price disproportions of agricultural products and the functioning of the organized agricultural market in Ukraine. The peculiarities of diagnostics of price asymmetry on the example of strategic agricultural products - grain are revealed, on the basis of actual economic data the key tendencies of development of researched process in the context of regional levels and functioning of the organized stock exchange sector are defined. Discussion. Considering the priorities of price asymmetry and creating of modern mechanism for the functioning of the agricultural market, prospects for eliminating price disparities and forming an organized market for agricultural products are defined. The prospect of further research on this issue should be based on taking into account the cost and price asymmetry for agricultural products, the existence of phenomena of price asymmetry of various types in order to form an organized agricultural market, which would reduce or eliminate the negative effects of price disparities on agricultural products. Keywords: price, price asymmetry, regional pricing, market of agricultural products, organized agricultural market, stock exchange, stock market of agricultural products.

This article has been retracted from publication in the Taylor & Francis journal, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. Following publication, concerns were raised by multiple third-parties around the content of the special issue and the decision-making process. Following an investigation by the Taylor & Francis Publishing Ethics & Integrity team in full cooperation with the Editor-in-Chief, it was confirmed that this article included in Special Issue titled “ Envisage Computer Modelling and Statistics for Agriculture”, guest edited by Gunasekaran Manogaran was not peer-reviewed appropriately, in line with the Journal's peer review standards and policy. As the stringency of the peer review process is core to the integrity of the publication process, the Editor and Publisher have decided to retract all of the articles within the above-named Special Issue. The journal has not confirmed if the authors were aware of this compromised peer review process. The journal is committed to correcting the scientific record and will fully cooperate with any institutional investigations into this matter. The authors have been informed of this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines.

Agricultural Internet of things (AIoT) promotes the modernization of traditional agricultural production and marketing model. However, the existing time series prediction methods for agricultural production and agricultural product (AP) marketing cannot adapt well to most real-world scenarios, failing to realize multistep forecast of production and AP marketing data. To solve the problem, this paper explores the big data analysis of agricultural production, AP marketing, and influencing factors in intelligent agriculture. To realize long-, and short-term predictions, a small-sample time series model was set up for AIoT production, and a big-sample time series model was constructed for AP marketing. The data fusion algorithm based on Kalman filter (KF) was adopted to fuse the massive multi-source AP marketing data. The proposed strategy was proved valid through experiments.

Ensuring the balance between supply and demand of agricultural products and keeping the basic price of agricultural products are the preconditions of reducing market fluctuation. According to the situation of production and supply of agricultural products and price fluctuation of agricultural products market in Inner Mongolia and Xing’an League, this paper condenses the primal problems existing in the agricultural products market in Inner Mongolia, studies the causes of these problems, makes overall plans for the structural reform of the supply side of agricultural products at present and in the future, in an effort to put forward reasonable countermeasures and suggestions for realizing effective docking of production and marketing of agricultural products and reasonable price fluctuation

The paper has investigated some problems related to the organization and functioning of the regional market of agricultural products based on the Kaliningrad region case study. The agricultural market consists of a number of structural elements (wholesale market of agricultural products, grain market, seed market, etc.). Relations in the market of agricultural products are mediated by various contractual relations (agricultural procurement contracts, delivery, trade and purchasing interventions, etc.). Such relations are being regulated under several unrelated normative legal acts. The federal legislation does not include the agricultural market in the number of socially important markets, and only the retail market (and within the retail market the agricultural products retail market) is recognized as socially significant. In addition, regions at their own discretion can classify any market as a socially important market. In the Kaliningrad region, the agricultural products market has been attributed not only to socially significant, but to priority markets, which is reasonable. This approach is importa from the point of view of ensuring food security of a special exclave region of Russia, but it can also be justified for other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author has identified competitive barriers for agricultural producers and has proposed legal ways to overcome them.

The processes of economic transformation and integration in which Serbia is included (gaining membership in the WTO and the EU), are accompanied by significant liberalization of markets, including the market of agricultural products, which causes certain changes in the size, structure and mode of foreign trade. Foreign trade regime of Serbian agrarian products is being harmonized to the requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in anticipation of acquiring the status of member, as well as the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between Serbia and the EU and CEFTA-2006, whose members are the most important trade partners of our country. Trade liberalization and the growing international market of agricultural and food products represent an opportunity to promote exports of agrarian products from Serbia, but also opening of the market might seem a serious threat to some of our agricultural products and affect the change of production structure, where agricultural policy makers should pay special attention. The aim of this paper is to perform a regional analysis of foreign trade of agricultural and food products from Serbia with key trading partners such as EU, CEFTA-2006, and especially with some of its members for the period 2004-2011. In order to gain insight into the degree of integration of the Serbian agricultural sector in the markets of these countries, Grubel-Lloyd index of intra-industry trade (GLIIT) is calculated, which indicate the intensity and the level of intra-industry trade, implying mutual – bilateral exchange (import and export) of similar or identical products between regions (countries). A higher degree of integration on the markets of certain countries indicates the possibility of easier adjustment to the conditions of liberalization (and lower cost) because certain products are already present on them. Performed analysis provides insight into the potential consequences of further liberalization on the development of the agrarian sector and expected structural adjustments. Calculated GLIIT index for different groups of agricultural and food products and for individual countries are considerably different and vary in the observed period, but in general the level of intraindustry trade between Serbia and its leading trade partners (especially the EU) is low, indicating a low integration of agrarian sector of Serbia on these markets.

Background: The study investigated the use of social media in the marketing of agricultural products and farmers turnover in South-South Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in Nigeria can enhance efficiency and farmers’ sales turnover.Methods: It employed the survey research design and data were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. Research data were analysed using a t-test and least squares method. Results: The use of social media (WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products was found to enhance efficiency and turnover of farmers through a significant reduction in the cost of marketing agricultural products as well as increased demand for agricultural products.Conclusions: The use of social media (WhatsApp and Instagram) in the marketing of agricultural products significantly influences cost reduction and hence efficiency in marketing as well as enhances turnover of farmers through increased demand for agricultural products.Contribution: Theexamination of the implications of the usage of social media usage in agricultural marketing on marketing efficiency and sales turnover in Nigeria

The Chinese market for modern agricultural products now includes the agricultural futures market, which is also one of the most significant investment and risk management tools in the country due to the rapid development of China's economy and the globalization of the international market. This paper provides a detailed introduction to the historical history, market development, policy environment, institutional design, trading system, and risk management of China's agricultural commodity futures market. This study also offers some solutions in response to some issues that are now present in the market for agricultural products. The development of China's agricultural future has experienced a tortuous course, despite the efforts of all parties to benefit the country and its people. This research is from the investment subject, market regulation, and market environment analysis and gives detailed suggestions.