Abstract
Macrolides are a significant family of natural products with diverse structures and bioactivities. Considerable effort has been made in recent decades to isolate additional macrolides and characterize their chemical and bioactive properties. The majority of macrolides are obtained from marine organisms, including sponges, marine microorganisms and zooplankton, cnidarians, mollusks, red algae, bryozoans, and tunicates. Sponges, fungi and dinoflagellates are the main producers of macrolides. Marine macrolides possess a wide range of bioactive properties including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimitotic, antiviral, and other activities. Cytotoxicity is their most significant property, highlighting that marine macrolides still encompass many potential antitumor drug leads. This extensive review details the chemical and biological diversity of 505 macrolides derived from marine organisms which have been reported from 1990 to 2020.
Highlights
The term “macrolide” was coined by Woodward in 1957 [1] to describe antibiotics which typically consist of 14, 15- or 16-membered macrolactam rings and feature double bonds and different saccharide and aminosaccharide functional groups
This review presents a summary of 505 marine-derived macrolides reported from 1990 to 2020 and highlights their chemical and biological diversity
Macrolides obtained from sponges have fallen since 2010, while microbes, especially fungi, have grown to be important producers (Figure 2)
Summary
The term “macrolide” was coined by Woodward in 1957 [1] to describe antibiotics which typically consist of 14-, 15- or 16-membered macrolactam rings and feature double bonds and different saccharide and aminosaccharide functional groups. Macrolides with larger macrocyclic rings have been reported, exemplified by the cytotoxic swinholide H, with its 40-membered lactone ring, obtained from the New Zealand deep-water marine sponge Lamellomorpha strongylata (La. strongylata) [13], and the novel 62-membered polyol symbiodinolide from the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. Marine organisms must develop the capacity to produce diverse bioactive metabolites to survive in these complex and competitive ecosystems. Marine metabolites have huge potential as new drug leads, with nine approved pharmaceuticals and 31 compounds in clinical pharmaceutical trials [15]. Marine metabolites have huge potential as new drug leads, with nine approved pharmaceuticals and 31 compounds in clinical pharmaMar. Drugs 2021, 19,c1eo80umtipclaelxtraianlds [c1o5m].pMetaictirvoelideecos sayrseteamsisg.nMifiacraintefammetilaybolfitneastuhraavlemhaurignee pporotednuticatls a(Fsignuerwe of 67. 2d)r.uTghleemadasr,inweitmhancirnoelidapesproevieedwpehdahremreaicneudtiiscpallasyacnydto3t1oxciocm, apnotiubnadctseriniacl,liannitciaful npghalr,manatciemuittiocatilct,raianltsiv[i1r5a]l., Manatciprolalisdmesodairaelaansidgnoitfhiecarnbtiofamctivlyitoiefsn, astulirsatlemd ianriTnaebplero1d. uTchtiss(rFeivgiuerwe d2)i.sTcuhsesmesatrhinemeiasmroilnaaectrimonalic,drsoetlsriudrecsvturiervewsiee,wdanehddehrcehirenmindidcsiapslplaalaynydccyybttoioottaoocxtiicv, eaanndttiibvbaeacrctsetiretiyrailao, laf,nmatniafturinfinugenalgm, aaln,ctairmno-itotic, ltidmeistoftriocm, an30tai9vntipirvuailbr,alail,cnaatntiiptoilpnalsam.smooddiaiallaannd othheerrbbioioaactcitviivtietise, sa,salsisltiesdteind TinabTlea1b.leTh1i.sTrhevisierwevdiieswcusses discusses thethiseoislaotlaiotino,ns,tsrturucctuturreess,,aanndd cchheemmiiccaallaannddbiboiaocaticvteivdeivdeirvseitrysiotyf moaf rminaerminaecrmolaidcreos-from lides from 303909ppuubblilcicaattiioonnss
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