Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is the pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. With the prevalence of modern lifestyles, the incidence of metabolic syndrome has risen rapidly. In recent years, marine sulfate polysaccharides (MSPs) have shown positive effects in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, and they mainly come from seaweeds and marine animals. MSPs are rich in sulfate and have stronger biological activity compared with terrestrial polysaccharides. MSPs can alleviate metabolic syndrome by regulating glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, MSPs prevent and treat metabolic syndrome by interacting with gut microbiota. MSPs can be degraded by gut microbes to produce metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and free sulfate and affect the composition of gut microbiota. The difference between MSPs and other polysaccharides lies in the sulfation pattern and sulfate content, therefore, which is very important for anti-metabolic syndrome activity of MSPs. This review summarizes the latest findings on effects of MSPs on metabolic syndrome, mechanisms of MSPs in treatment/prevention of metabolic syndrome, interactions between MSPs and gut microbiota, and the role of sulfate group and sulfation pattern in MSPs activity. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on human body. It may be a better choice to develop new functional foods containing MSPs for dietary intervention in metabolic syndrome.
Highlights
Some studies focus on the effects of marine sulfate polysaccharides (MSPs) on the key enzyme activities related to metabolic syndrome, for example, fucoidan is an inhibitor of α glucosidase, which can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia [42]
short chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by the gut microbiota through the ingestion of MSPs is a useful tool for the prevention of metabolic syndrome
The mechanism of MSPs prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome may be through its regulation of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, and these regulation effects may be derived from the digestive products of MSPs in the gut and its effect on gut microbiota
Summary
Marine sulfate change is the main strategy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, ment of functional food components is an important method. MSPscommunity can treatliving metabolic syndrome by regulating the dysb term for that the microbial in the human gut It is one of the most attractive research focuses the fields of microbiology, medicine, and genetics[15]. More than 30,000 research papers from 2000 to 2021 were found in PubMed by searching keywords such as sulfate polysaccharides, metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota, obesity, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and hypertension, etc., and effects of MSPs on metabolic syndrome, regulation of MSPs on gut microbiota, utilization of MSPs in gut microbiota, mechanism of MSPs in treatment/prevention of metabolic syndrome, and therapeutic methods and dietary intervention
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