Marine Shrimp Farming in the Western Hemisphere: Past Problems, Present Solutions, and Future Visions

Abstract

Shrimp aquaculture expanded significantly during the 1980s and now represents a multibillion dollar industry. In 2001, shrimp farmers in the Western Hemisphere produced an estimated 125,000 metric tons of product, representing about 10% of the world's supply of farmed shrimp. Despite this level of production, shrimp farmers have suffered significant economic losses over the last decade because of environmental problems associated with traditional farming practices and viral diseases that have plagued the industry. In an effort to improve shrimp performance, farmers are adopting biosecure approaches to shrimp culture that include reduced water exchange and the use of high health seed. Although these efforts have had a positive impact on the industry, the risk of crop loss still exists. The long-term viability of shrimp aquaculture depends on appropriate technologies that are designed to mitigate negative environmental impacts and reduce the introduction and spread of pathogens. These technologies must be integrated into a holistic approach to shrimp culture that incorporates major advances used in terrestrial meat production with novel approaches to aquatic animal husbandry. With these technologies in place, the shrimp aquaculture industry could expand in an environmentally responsible manner, while simultaneously increasing production and profitability for the shrimp farmer.