MARINE RADIOCARBON RESERVOIR VALUES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ESTUARIES: INTERSPECIES, LATITUDINAL, AND INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY

Abstract

Many studies use radiocarbon dates on estuarine shell material to build age-depth models of sediment accumulation in estuaries in California, USA. Marine 14 C ages are typically older than dates from contemporaneous terrestrial carbon and local offsets (∆R) from the global average marine offset need to be calculated to ensure the accuracy of calibrated dates. We used accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C dating on 40 pre-1950 salt marsh snail and clam shells previously collected from four California estuaries. The average ∆R and standard deviation of 217 ± 129 14 C yr is consistent with previous calculations using mixed estuarine and marine samples, although the standard deviation and resulting age uncertainty was higher for our estuarine calculations than previous studies. There was a slight but significant difference ( p = 0.024) in ∆R between epifaunal snails (∆R = 171 ± 154 14 C yr) and infaunal clams (∆R = 263 ± 77 14 C yr), as well as between samples from individual estuaries. However, a closer examination of the data shows that even for the same species, at the same estuary, ∆R can vary as much as ~500 14 C yr. In some cases, the bulk of this variation occurs between samples collected by different collectors at different times, potentially indicating time dependence in carbon sources and ∆R variation. These variations could also be attributed to differences in collection location within a single estuary and resulting spatial differences in carbon sources. Intertidal specimens located in the high marsh may have lower ∆R than fully marine counterparts because of increased terrestrial 14 C input. The large variations in ∆R here highlight the need for conservative chronological interpretations, as well as the assumption of wide uncertainties, when dating samples from estuarine sources. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18389