Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are essential parts of the chemical machinery of life and often reveal intriguing structures. They are not only widespread in terrestrial habitats but can also frequently be found as natural products in the marine environment. This review highlights the important class of marine pyrrole alkaloids, well-known for their diverse biological activities. A broad overview of the marine pyrrole alkaloids with a focus on their isolation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and derivatization covering the decade from 2010 to 2020 is provided. With relevant structural subclasses categorized, this review shall provide a clear and timely synopsis of this area.
Highlights
The oceans cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface and comprise around 95% of the volume of the biosphere
This review highlights the important class of marine pyrrole alkaloids, well-known for their diverse biological activities
A broad overview of the marine pyrrole alkaloids with a focus on their isolation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and derivatization covering the decade from 2010 to 2020 is provided
Summary
The oceans cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface and comprise around 95% of the volume of the biosphere. Among the marine alkaloids, which are largely composed of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, the pyrroles form a large group of intriguing natural products which occur in marine organisms ranging from microbes over algae and sponges to animals. Their structural diversity including terpenoid-, polyketide-, carbohydrate-, lipid-, and peptideframeworks [7,12] accompanied by attractive biological properties, has spurred a considerable interest of chemists [6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Many pyrrole MNPs have been associated with various pharmacological activities, such as cytotoxic [31,32], anti-bacterial [33,34], anti-fungal [35], and anti-cancer properties [6,36,37]
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