Abstract
The intermediate state between normal glucose tolerance and overt type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases, requiring safe and cost-effective treatment measures interventions. A novel source of LC n-3 FAs is Calanus finmarchicus Oil, which showed promising effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical studies due to anti-obesity effects and/or anti-inflammatory properties. In total, 43 obese patients (BMI: 31.7 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were allocated in the following two groups: (1) Calanus oil group (2 g CO/day) and (2) placebo group (2 g paraffin oil/day). Markers of glucose metabolism, body composition and energy intake were measured at the beginning (t0), after 12 weeks (t12) and 16 weeks (t16). Overall, parameters reflecting abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the liver, including fasting insulin (−2.9 mU/L ± 4.10, p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (−0.9 ± 1.28, p < 0.05) and hepatic insulin resistance index (−1.06 ± 1.72 × 106, p < 0.05) significantly enhanced after a 12-week CO-intervention, while no differences were observed in HbA1c, AUC0–2h Glucose, AUC0–2h Insulin, 2 h plasma glucose and muscle insulin sensitivity index. Our results indicate that Calanus oil causes beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in obese patients, with clinical relevance to be verified in further studies. In addition, the possible active compounds and their mechanisms of action should be elucidated.
Highlights
Due to the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of various risk factors, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen rapidly worldwide in recent decades
Prediabetes can be classified into two abnormalities with different pathologies: impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) based on the 2 h glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or a combination of both [3,4,5]
No significant differences in body composition markers were detected among the intervention groups (Table A1)
Summary
Due to the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of various risk factors (e.g., abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome), the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen rapidly worldwide in recent decades. T2DM is a chronic metabolic disorder with hyperglycaemia resulting from the disturbance of insulin action on peripheral tissues such as the liver and muscle and/or pancreatic insulin secretion [1]. The pathogenesis of T2DM is multifactorial, but abdominal obesity and associated dysfunctions of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (e.g., increased secretion of non-esterified fatty acids, hormones and pro-inflammatory mediators) seem to play a key role in developing insulin resistance [2]. With an annual conversion rate of 5–10% and a lifetime risk of about 70%, prediabetes is a phase between normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and overt T2DM. IFG and IGT are associated with the predicted conversion rate to T2DM.
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