Abstract
The curiosity and attention that researchers have devoted to alkaloids are due to their bioactivities, structural diversity, and intriguing chemistry. Marine-derived macrocyclic alkaloids (MDMAs) are considered to be a potential source of drugs. Trabectedin, a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, has been approved for the treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancers. MDMAs displayed potent activities that enabled them to be used as anticancer, anti-invasion, antimalarial, antiplasmodial, and antimicrobial. This review presents the reported chemical structures, biological activities, and structure–activity relationships of macrocyclic alkaloids from marine organisms that have been published since their discovery until May 2020. This includes 204 compounds that are categorized under eight subclasses: pyrroles, quinolines, bis-quinolizidines, bis-1-oxaquinolizidines, 3-alkylpiperidines, manzamines, 3-alkyl pyridinium salts, and motuporamines.
Highlights
The marine environment is one of the harshest atmospheres on the earth due to its diverse ranges of light, temperature, pressure, and nutrient circumstances [1]
This has enhanced the discovery of anticancer drugs such as trabectedin [7], which is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloidal derivative that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) as an anticancer drug
12 and 13 inhibited the early replication of HIV-1 asNindicated by multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator (MAGI) assay, with giant cell formation and inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) at 10.6 and 14.8 μM [21], respectively
Summary
The marine environment is one of the harshest atmospheres on the earth due to its diverse ranges of light, temperature, pressure, and nutrient circumstances [1]. The organisms that live in this environment have immense genetic and biochemical diversity that, being the source of unexplored bioactive products, could be beneficial for the development of potential drugs [4]. The unprecedented skeletons of MMNPs and structural complexity have an important role in the potency of their bioactivities This has enhanced the discovery of anticancer drugs such as trabectedin [7], which is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloidal derivative that has been approved by the FDA and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) as an anticancer drug. This review discusses the reported chemical structures, biological effects, and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of eight subclasses of marine-derived macrocyclic alkaloids-pyrroles, quinolines, bis-quinolizidines, bis-1-oxaquinolizidines, 3-alkylpiperidines, manzamines, 3-alkyl pyridinium salts, r.
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