Abstract
Novel secondary metabolites from marine macroorganisms and marine-derived microorganisms have been intensively investigated in the last few decades. Several classes of compounds, especially indole alkaloids, have been a target for evaluating biological and pharmacological activities. As one of the most promising classes of compounds, indole alkaloids possess not only intriguing structural features but also a wide range of biological/pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiparasitic activities. This review reports the indole alkaloids isolated during the period of 2016–2021 and their relevant biological/pharmacological activities. The marine-derived indole alkaloids reported from 2016 to 2021 were collected from various scientific databases. A total of 186 indole alkaloids from various marine organisms including fungi, bacteria, sponges, bryozoans, mangroves, and algae, are described. Despite the described bioactivities, further evaluation including their mechanisms of action and biological targets is needed to determine which of these indole alkaloids are worth studying to obtain lead compounds for the development of new drugs.
Highlights
Marine natural products (MNPs) have drawn much attention from both natural product chemists and pharmacologists due to their potential bioactivities
Since our main research topics involved a discovery of new secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi, marine invertebrates, and algae, which led to the isolation of a number of undescribed and structurally diverse indoles such as prenylated and annelated indoles with antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, this topic can provide us and other researchers who work with marine natural products to gain more insight into this class of compounds in both structural and biological activity aspects
Scedapin E (94) (Figure 11), an indole alkaloid comprising an oxindole moiety linked to a pyrazinoquinazolinone moiety via a spiro pyran ring, was isolated from the extract of a marine-derived fungus Scedosporium apiospermum F41−1, cultured in a GYP medium supplemented with L-Trp, L-Phe, L-Thr, and D,L-Met
Summary
Marine natural products (MNPs) have drawn much attention from both natural product chemists and pharmacologists due to their potential bioactivities. We have updated the indole alkaloids, isolated from various marine macro- and microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, sponges, bryozoans, mangrove plants, and algae during the period of January. Since our main research topics involved a discovery of new secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi, marine invertebrates, and algae, which led to the isolation of a number of undescribed and structurally diverse indoles such as prenylated and annelated indoles with antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, this topic can provide us and other researchers who work with marine natural products to gain more insight into this class of compounds in both structural and biological activity aspects. Based on the literature search, 186 previously undescribed marine indole alkaloids that were isolated from various phyla of marine organisms including fungi, bacteria, sponges, bryozoans, Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 3 mangrove trees, and algae have been reported between January 2016 and October 2021.
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