Abstract
The marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) method has become a well-established geophysical tool for 3D imaging of multiple resistive bodies. While traditionally considered an exploration tool, improved data quality and advanced processing methods put mapping the resistivity distribution within the field in reach, which we demonstrate using a recent survey example from the Norwegian Sea. The survey was acquired in a full 3D grid with state-of-theart data acquisition standard, which permits advanced processing of full azimuthal data with both consistent phase and magnitude of the horizontal electric and magnetic fields. A resistivity image of a field was obtained using 3D inversion with fast turnaround time, based on approximate Hessian-based optimization and finite-difference time-domain modeling. Particularly in conjunction with 3Dand 4Dseismic technology defining the structural container, marine CSEM can add a complementary image of the bulk distribution of resistors. Using real data and supported by modeling, we assess the capability of CSEM technology for time-lapse monitoring, including the dominant sources of non-repeatability.
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