Marine bromophenols as an effective inhibitor of virulent proteins (peptidyl arginine deiminase, gingipain R and hemagglutinin A) in Porphyromas gingivalis

Abstract

ObjectivesPorphyromonas gingivalis, is one of the major oral pathogen that produce virulent proteins which mediate periodontal tissue inflammation and infection. Marine algae have recently gained popularity for its bioactive molecules and their oral applications. Marine bromophenols (MBs) is abundant in red algae which are reported to have wide medicinal properties. The current research primarily focuses to elucidate the bioactivity of MBs against the virulent proteins produced by P. gingivalis. Materials and methodsPotent MBs which effectively binds and inhibits the virulent proteins peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD), gingipain R (Rgp) and hemagglutinin A (HgA) was identified through molecular docking and molecular simulation approach. MBs were extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii (KAB), marine red algae found in India. The efficacy of this MB was studied against P. gingivalis by employing antibacterial activity assays, gingipain assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) and mRNA expression analysis (q RT PCR). ResultsMBs with benzene, methyl and glycosyl substitutions demonstrated significant docking score, with good stability and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition to the antibacterial activities against P. gingivalis, KAB was also found to inhibit the gingipain and hemagglutination activities. Exposure of KAB to the virulent genes in P. gingivalis resulted in low mRNA levels of these genes, which suggested the down regulation functions induced by the MBs. ConclusionBiochemical investigations revealed that KAB is a potent natural metabolite that can inhibit and control the virulent proteins produced by P. gingivalis. This study recommends future research to direct towards applicability of MBs in commercial dental products.