Abstract
The southeast Andaman Sea 52-m off the west coast of Phang Nga province, Thailand, is located in the Indian Ocean, representing a hotspot for marine biodiversity of the world. This study utilized metagenomics combined 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4) sequencing, and firstly revealed the microbiota and their metabolism potentials of this site at an epipelagic depth (150-m depth, TC150M), including comparison with its pelagic depth (30-m depth, TC30M) as well as other nearby Thailand and global ocean sites. Between TC150M and TC30M, the TC150M microbial metagenomics was an eight-fold higher, and the microbiota comprised, for examples more abundant Bacteroidetes while fewer Proteobacteria, than the TC30M. The microbial metabolic potentials of the TC150M were statistically higher in replication repair and metabolisms of amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, and xenobiotics biodegradation, etc. Following comparative microbiota analyses between three Andaman Sea sites and two Gulf of Thailand sites, the relatively great proportions of Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Chlorobi characterized the southeast Andaman Sea. Nevertheless, the microbiota representing Thailand marine sites remained distinguished from the global ocean sites where beta diversities were close. Thai maritime sites showed proportionally higher Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Chlorobi. Thus, the Thai marine microbiota database helps better understand our global ocean microbiota and microbial metabolic potentials. Here, the microbial metabolism potentials between Thailand and the global ocean sites of relatively close microbiota databases encompose the similar functions yet in statistically different frequencies. Our research provided the first preliminary marine microbiome comparison between the epipelagic and pelagic sea levels of the southeast Andaman Sea, Thailand.
Highlights
The submarine landslide via the oceanic India Plate and the Burma Plate movement caused 9.1 magnitude Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that affect the coasts of many countries of South and Southeast Asia on 26 December 2004
This hit included the southeast islands of Phang Nga province of Thailand, Tachai (TC) and Phra Thong (PT) islands
The 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 library was amplified to the appropriate size [466 base pairs, including primer, barcode, and adapter sequences] (Meyer et al, 2008; Somboonna et al, 2019), and pyrosequencing resulted in a respectable yield as observed by plateau rarefaction curve at 425 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) at genus level (Supplementary Figure 2)
Summary
An advance in generation sequencing allows metagenomics to identify marine bacterial community (or microbiota), in which their biodiversity could have impact on nutrient and energy cyclings (Somboonna et al, 2012; Webster and Reusch, 2017; Kelly et al, 2018), and further an association to abiotic factors, such as Earth plate tectonics (Costello et al, 2017; Khitmoh et al, 2017; Zaffos et al, 2017) and global warming (Webster et al, 2016). The submarine landslide via the oceanic India Plate and the Burma Plate movement caused 9.1 magnitude Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (tsunami) that affect the coasts of many countries of South and Southeast Asia on 26 December 2004. Four tsunami events had been geographically revealed previously in this region, with the two most recent ones were in 2004 and the other approximately 600 years ago (Jankaew et al, 2008; Somboonna et al, 2014) These plate tectonics were reported to drive tropical reef bacteria and animal diversity dynamics, and might explain the hotspot species diversification in some tropical reef region (Leprieur et al, 2016; Zaffos et al, 2017). Only an open ocean level microbiota of this area has been explored
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