Maqin Xiaoke Granule Alleviates Acute Bronchitis Induced by Smoking Combined With Streptococcus pneumoniae by Regulating NLRP3/p38 MAPK/Glycerophospholipid Pathway

Abstract

Objective: To explore the efficacy and mechanism of action of Maqin Xiaoke Granules (MQs) in the treatment of acute bronchitis (AB). Methods: The rat model of AB was established by mixed smoke and Streptococcus pneumoniae nasal infection. The pathological changes of lung tissue and bronchus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and scored. The mRNA expression levels of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 ( NLRP3) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( p38 MAPK) in lung tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α [ TNF-α], interleukin-6 [ IL-6], interleukin-1β [ IL-1β], interleukin-10 [ IL-10]) in serum and lung homogenate were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The therapeutic effect of MQ on rats with AB was preliminarily evaluated. Metabolic profiling of rat serum was performed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, combining P < .05, variable important in projection > 1, fold change > 1.5 and screening for differential metabolites based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, and then analyzing the possible metabolic pathways with the help of MetaboAnalyst 5.0 database, to analyze the mechanism of MQ’s action on the treatment of AB at the metabolic level. Results: MQ significantly ameliorated the pathological injury of bronchial and lung tissues in model rats, reduced the mRNA levels of NLRP3 and p38 MAPK ( P < .05, .01), lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum and lung homogenates ( P < .05, .01), and elevated IL-10 in serum and lung homogenates ( P < .0001, .01) levels, and to regulate abnormal metabolites in rats with AB via the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. Conclusion: MQ significantly improved AB induced by mixed smoke combined with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the mechanism of its induction may be related to the dysregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism, and this study provides a reference for the rational clinical application of MQ.