Abstract
Using an electron beam melting (EBM) printing machine (Arcam A2X, Sweden), a matrix of 225 samples (15 rows and 15 columns) of Ti-6Al-4V was produced. The density of the specimens across the tray in the as-built condition was approximately 99.9% of the theoretical density of the alloy, ρT. Tensile strength, tensile elongation, and fatigue life were studied for the as-built samples. Location dependency of the mechanical properties along the build area was observed. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) slightly increased the density to 99.99% of ρT but drastically improved the fatigue endurance and tensile elongation, probably due to the reduction in the size and the distribution of flaws. The microstructure of the as-built samples contained various defects (e.g., lack of fusion, porosity) that were not observed in the HIP-ed samples. HIP also reduced some of the location related variation in the mechanical properties values, observed in the as-printed condition.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a method of transforming digital design files into functional engineering products
The objective of the current study is to present a map dependency of the physical and the mechanical properties and the microstructure of AM-electron beam melting (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V within the powder bed volume were it is located
In samples taken from the Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)-ed samples, the microstructure was still lamellar with coarser lamellae (Figure 4B)
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a method of transforming digital design files into functional engineering products. The methods and materials may vary, but all AM processes typically work by building their components up one layer at a time. One of the most commonly used methods is powder bed fusion AM (PBF-AM), which involves focusing an energetic (laser or electron) beam in order to melt specific locations of a powder layer spread on a base plate. The resulting transient temperature field, characterized by high temperatures and rapid solidification rates, is formed concomitantly during the interaction between the beam and the powder bed and has a significant effect on defect formation, final microstructure, and mechanical properties of the components [3]. The transient thermal behavior is controlled by processing parameters such as material properties, beam characteristics, and scan speed and strategy. In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), due to the fact that there is relatively
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