Abstract
The mediator (MED) represents a large, conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that regulates gene expression through interactions with RNA polymerase II and enhancer-bound transcription factors. Expanding research accomplishments suggest the predominant role of plant MED subunits in the regulation of various physiological and developmental processes, including the biotic stress response against bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the involvement of MED subunits in virus/viroid pathogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated for the first time the gene expression modulation of selected MED subunits in response to five viroid species (Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd), Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Hop latent viroid (HLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)) in two model plant species (Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana) and a commercially important hop (Humulus lupulus) cultivar. Our results showed a differential expression pattern of MED subunits in response to a viroid infection. The individual plant MED subunits displayed a differential and tailored expression pattern in response to different viroid species, suggesting that the MED expression is viroid- and plant species-dependent. The explicit evidence obtained from our results warrants further investigation into the association of the MED subunit with symptom development. Together, we provide a comprehensive portrait of MED subunit expression in response to viroid infection and a plausible involvement of MED subunits in fine-tuning transcriptional reprogramming in response to viroid infection, suggesting them as a potential candidate for rewiring the defense response network in plants against pathogens.
Highlights
Mediator (MED) is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit protein complex consisting of 25 to 34 subunits in eukaryotes, structurally organized into head, middle and tail modules and a dissociable cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) module [1]
For the first time, we have investigated the response of MED subunits to a viroid infection using different viroid–host combinations, which we hope will lay down a foundation for further studies delineating the detailed function of the plant MED complex in viroid pathogenesis
To the best of our knowledge, this study reports for the first time the effects of viroid infection on the gene expression of MED subunits in plants
Summary
Mediator (MED) is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit protein complex consisting of 25 to 34 subunits in eukaryotes, structurally organized into head, middle and tail modules and a dissociable cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) module [1]. These studies provided a mechanistic understanding of the involvement of MED subunits in the triggering of defense signaling pathways in bacterial, biotrophic and necrotrophic fungal pathogenesis, but the role of MED subunits in the response of viruses/viroids will be key to expanding our understanding of plant immunity.
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