Abstract
The use of surface-directing species and surface additives to alter nanoparticle morphology and physicochemical properties of particular exposed facets has recently been attracting significant attention. However, challenges in their chemical analysis, sometimes at trace levels, and understanding their roles to elucidate surface structure–activity relationships in optical (solar cells) or (photo)catalytic performance and their removal are significant issues that remain to be solved. Here, we show a detailed analysis of TiO2 facets promoted with surface species (OH, O, SO4, F) with and without post-treatments by 31P adsorbate nuclear magnetic resonance, supported by a range of other characterization tools. We demonstrate that quantitative evaluations of the electronic and structural effects imposed by these surface additives and their removal mechanisms can be obtained, which may lead to the rational control of active TiO2 (001) and (101) facets for a range of applications.
Highlights
The use of surface-directing species and surface additives to alter nanoparticle morphology and physicochemical properties of particular exposed facets has recently been attracting significant attention
By adopting different removal methods, diverse results have been obtained in the literature in various applications, which have led to different interpretations and frequent disagreements among researchers[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]
According to the literature, when the concentration of hydrogen fluoride (HF) is increased, it can increase the particle face length due to preferential adsorption of F to slow down its growth on this facet and the percentage of exposed (001) facet increases (Supplementary Table 1)
Summary
The use of surface-directing species and surface additives to alter nanoparticle morphology and physicochemical properties of particular exposed facets has recently been attracting significant attention. Taking ZnO nanocrystallite as an example, the surface Vo were shown to be present on the oxygen-terminated (002) facet[6], and were recently quantified by Peng et al.[7] the chemical properties of surface zinc ions have been shown to be different on (100) and (002) facets, indicating the Lewis acidity of ZnO NP can be modulated by the morphology control[7]. These considerations have provided additional variables in tailoring the morphology of nanoparticles (NPs) with preferentially exposed facets during the past decades. Hydroxyl radical production/H2 evolution from water H2 evolution from water H2 evolution from water Degradation of acetone
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